Rabu, 09 Juli 2014

Tulisan

Cinderella
Once upon a time there lived an unhappy young girl. Her mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All her kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. Nothing was too good for them - dresses, shoes, delicious food, soft beds, and every home comfort.But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters’ hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No rest and no comfort. She had to work hard all day. Only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella.Cinderella used to spend long hours all alone talking to the cat. The cat said, . Miaow. , which really meant, . Cheer up! You have something neither of your stepsisters has and that is beauty.. It was quite true. Cinderella, even dressed in old rags, was a lovely girl. While her stepsisters, no matter how splendid and elegant their clothes, were still clumsy, lumpy and ugly and always would be.
One day, beautiful new dresses arrived at the house. A ball was to be held at the palace and the stepsisters were getting ready to go. Cinderella didn't even dare ask if she could go too. She knew very well what the answer would be: . You? You're staying at home to wash the dishes, scrub the floors and turn down the beds for your stepsisters. They will come home tired and very sleepy.. Cinderella sighed, . Oh dear, I'm so unhappy!. and the cat murmured . Miaow..Suddenly something amazing happened. As Cinderella was sitting all alone, there was a burst of light and a fairy appeared. . Don't be alarmed, Cinderella,. said the fairy. . I know you would love to go to the ball. And so you shall!. . How can I, dressed in rags?. Cinderella replied. . The servants will turn me away!.The fairy smiled. With a flick of her magic wand Cinderella found herself wearing the most beautiful dress she had ever seen. . Now for your coach,. said the fairy; "A real lady would never go to a ball on foot! Quick! Get me a pumpkin!. . Oh of course,. said Cinderella, rushing away. Then the fairy turned to the cat. . You, bring me seven mice, and, remember they must be alive!.
Cinderella soon returned with the pumpkin and the cat with seven mice he had caught in the cellar. With a flick of the magic wand the pumpkin turned into a sparkling coach and the mice became six white horses, while the seventh mouse turned into a coachman in a smart uniform and carrying a whip. Cinderella could hardly believe her eyes.Cinderella had a wonderful time at the ball until she heard the first stroke of midnight! She remembered what the fairy had said, and without a word of goodbye she slipped from the Prince. s arms and ran down the steps. As she ran she lost one of her slippers, but not for a moment did she dream of stopping to pick it up! If the last stroke of midnight were to sound... oh... what a disaster that would be! Out she fled and vanished into the night. The Prince, who was now madly in love with her, picked up the slipper and said to his ministers, “Go and search everywhere for the girl whose foot this slipper fits. I will never be content until I find her!”
So the ministers tried the slipper on the foot of every girl in the land until only Cinderella was left.
 That awful untidy girl simply cannot have been at the ball,. snapped the stepmother. . Tell the Prince he ought to marry one of my two daughters! Can't you see how ugly Cinderella is?. But, to everyone. s amazement, the shoe fitted perfectly.Suddenly the fairy appeared and waved her magic wand. In a flash, Cinderella appeared in a splendid dress, shining with youth and beauty. Her stepmother and stepsisters gaped at her in amazement, and the ministers said, "Come with us Cinderella! The Prince is waiting for you." So Cinderella married the Prince and lived happily ever. As for the cat, he just said "Miaow!"
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/english/story_telling/cinderella/cinderella5.htm

Sangkuriang Story

Once upon a time, a beautiful lady named Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a boy which she named Sangkuriang. When Sangkuriang was old enough to hunt, he took his mother’s dog Tumang (which according to this legend is an incarnation of a god and also Sangkuriang’s father) and ordered Tumang to chase after a boar. When Tumang did not follow Sangkuriang’s order, Sangkuriang became very angry and he killed Tumang. He carved out Tumang’s heart and brought it back to his mother. Dayang Sumbi took the heart, cooked it and ate it. When she discovered that the heart belonged to Tumang, her husband, she was overcome with wrath. She sent her son away, but not before she hit him with a spoon and left a deep scar on his head.  Sangkuriang travelled around the world. After a long while, he arrived back in his village again without recognizing it. He saw a beautiful lady and fell in love with her. Little did he know that she was his own mother. He asked for her hand in marriage and she agreed. Dayang Sumbi later realized that Sangkuriang was her son, as she recognized the scar that she had inflicted. She tried to tell him and break off the wedding, but he didn’t believe her and insisted to go on with the wedding. Dayang Sumbi then set an impossible condition that Sangkuriang has to fulfill in order to marry her: he should build her a big boat and a lake by damming Citarum river, all within one night, and it shall be finished by dawn. Sangkuriang agreed to the condition. He built a boat from a large tree, and with the help of spirits, he dammed the Citarum river with landslides. The water eventually rose and filled the plain, turning it into a lake. When dawn was near, he was almost ready. Dayang Sumbi realized this, so she prayed for divine intervention. As an answer to her prayers, the eastern horizon lit up. Deceived by the lights, cocks crowed and farmers rose for the new day, thinking that dawn has broken
 Sangkuriang was also deceived. He thought his endeavor has failed. Angrily, he kicked the boat so that it toppled over. This boat became Tangkuban Parahu mountain (tangkuban means upside down, and parahu means boat). The pile of leftover woods became Mt. Burangrang, and the rest of the big tree became Mt. Bukit Tunggul. The lake became lake Bandung (which literally means ‘dam’). (Source: http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/04/the-legend-of-sangkuriang/)

Just the way I am
“Sorry, but we need a taller person, Miss Tanners,” said that young lady.
“Our shop has tall shelves, so we need a taller person to work here,” she added.
I can understand that,
“Well its okay, no problem. I’ll try to find another part time job.”
So, I walked to my home. It was Saturday evening so I thought I did not want to go home earlier, so I change my direction. I went to my friend’s house, Gina. She always made me feel better.
Gina opened me the door when I got to her house. She was surprised because I did not tell her before, that I will go to her house.
“Andrea, what’s up?” she asked
“Nothing I just being refused from the Lucky store, because I’m not tall enough to take a thing from their shelves,” I said.
Gina looked at me. I know I might look miserable, because she knew that it was not the first time for me to have been rejected from a job that I applied.
“Oh, honey,” she said.
“Wait a minute,” she added then she went to her kitchen and came back with a cup of tea.
“Here, drink it. It will calm you down,” she handed me the tea.
I drank the tea and feel a little comfortable. I sighed,
“Well, it is not my first time, so I can handle it,” I said, more like talked to myself.
Gina hold my hand and said, “You know, you always be my brilliant and great best friend I’ve ever had. You are special, Andrea.”
I smiled, “Thanks Gina, you are my best friend. You know, I always feel comfortable with myself, but sometimes, you know, sometimes I have an imagination if I were a taller girl. I mean, it will make me more confident. I can get, more friends, part time jobs, got into my favorite school and…,” I was shy for saying the last word. Gina looked at me and smiled,
“And?”
“And boy…” I was so shy to say the last word, because, Gina knew that I fell in love to a boy in campus.
“So do you really fall in love with Kevin Kettering, huh?” Gina Asked me.
I was embarrassed, but yes I fell in love with Kevin, my new friend in campus. He was so handsome and always treated me nice. He never said something bad about my posture and always acted like I was same with other people. So I told Gina about my feeling,
“Yeah, I fall in love with him, but you know, he always had a beautiful, smart and tall girlfriend,” I know I even looked more miserable now.
“Hmm you know what, Andrea? Yesterday my mom brings me a magazine, and I found this advertisement, about a medicine which can make you 5 cm taller in every single month,” Gina said.
“Really, what’s the name of the medicine?” I asked excitedly.
“Well, I forgot it, but wait, let me see, I think I placed the magazine in this room, this morning. Wait a minute”. Gina was looking for the magazine
Around the room, and yelled,
“There you are!” She went back to the couch and sat next to me, she started to open the magazine.
“Hmmm, I think the advertisement is in the page 5, wait! Ahhh, here it is!” She yelled and gave me the magazine.
I read the advertisement. It said that this medicine can made someone 5 cm taller in a month. If this medicine really worked, I would have a chance to be Kevin’s girlfriend. So I thought I would buy this medicine.
“Thanks Gina you are my savior! I’ll buy this medicine,” I said and hugged her.
It was a nice Sunday afternoon when I decided to go to a drugstore to buy the medicine that Gina had references me. There were only three customers in the drugstore when I got there. I waited for 5 minutes, till the shop keeper called me and gave me the right medicine. When I got out from the drug store and wanted to went home, someone called my name and he was standing behind me,
“Kevin!” I was surprised.
He laughed at me, so annoying but he was very handsome.
“Stop laughing you stupid!” I yelled, pretend that I was angry. He tried hard to stop laughing, and asked,
“What are you doing here?”
“What do you think people doing in the drugstore, huh?”
“Ok, ok, so you are buying medicine, right? Are you sick?” he asked and looked worried.
“No I’m not sick, it’s just vitamins. I have to go home now. See you later!” I did not want him to know that I was lie.
So I went out from the drugstore, but Kevin holds my hand,
“What?” I asked,
“Well, actually I got a difficult assignment and I am wondering if you can help me,” he said.
I was thinking for a while and thought that it would be another beautiful evening with him, so I told him that tomorrow evening at my house will be okay.

Kevin came to my house the following evening, he looked gorges. He wore a black tight shirt and blue jeans which really fit his body. I felt so embarrassed, because I just wore a very usual T-shirt and skirt that was made me look worse. We went into my house, there were my parents sat in the living room and watched television,
“Good evening Mr. and Mrs. Tanner,” Kevin greeted my parents.
“Good evening, Kevin”, said my mom. “So, are you guys going to work on your assignment together again?”
“Yes, mom, he asked me to help him,” I said.
“Well, why don’t you make two cups of hot chocolate, it will help you relax when you find that the assignment is difficult,” said my dad.
“Okay, mm Kevin, you can wait in the balcony, I’ll go there in ten minutes.”
Kevin was waiting for me in the balcony and was very excited when he smelled the hot chocolate, so I gave him his cup. He drank it,
“Thanks, it is very delicious. You are the best Andrea,” he compliments me.
I was so shy, but I tried to calm myself down by drank my hot chocolate and tried so hard to sound as relax as I can when I said,
“You’re very welcome.” Kevin smiled, and that made me fly.
“I will play the music,” I walk to the table near the balcony and played my CD compilation. We like to listened music while we did an assignment.
A nice song from MOCCA ‘I Remember’ was the first song, which would accompany us to do the assignment.
Thirty minutes left and we got bored. Kevin started to asked so many questions, from the silly one like,
“Do you still take a bath with your rubber duck?”
I looked at him and said “Yes, I do.”
Then he continued to asked more questions, until he came to that serious one,
“Andrea, what actually did you buy in a drugstore yesterday?”
I was confused. I did not know what I had to say. I had never lied to him before, so I decided to tell him the truth, even though it was hard.
“That was, emm that was a medicine that can make me taller in a month.”
“What?” he was shocked. He shakes my shoulder, as if I was not conscious,
“But why did you buy that? What for? I just can’t understand this. Why Andrea? Why?” he asked me.
“Well, oh my god. How should I say this?” I asked myself. I did not know what I should say to him.
“Tell me, Andrea. Just tell me the reason.” He begged.
“Well, actually this is all because I’ve been rejected from Lucky store…”
“What? Is that really your reason to buy those kinds of drugs? Oh my god I can’t believe it.”
No! I haven’t finished my words! Well the real reason is because I love you Kevin. I really want to be with you, but you always with those s*xy and tall girls, oh my god.” I was so shy and finally I cried.
Kevin startled. He looked at me and hugged me. I did not know what I should do, so I just cried and laid on his chest,
“Sshhh… don’t cry, Andrea. Don’t make me sad,” he said.
I just nodded. On this night I wanna swear that I will always be there by your side… The last song from my CD, I do from Ten2Five was on now.
“Do you know why I always asked you to help me with my assignment, Andrea?”
“Why?”
“The only reason is just because I love to be around you. I love how you always tell me the truth, I love how you always make smile and happy. I love you, Andrea.” Kevin looked at my eyes when he said the last sentence.
“But, what about those girls who always be with you?” I asked.
“They are just my friends. Well, maybe they want to be my girlfriend, but me, Kevin Kettering is always want you to be mine, you are amazing just the way you are, Andrea,” he looked at my eyes again.
I looked back to his eyes and I found the truth. It was like he said, I do love you, Andrea. I smiled and he smiled too, THEN he kissed me.
“I love you too, Kevin.”
SECRET LONG AGE
Residents in some countries more longevity than other countries. We can use their secrets to healthy living and longevity. 

1. Season foods with turmeric 

                 A study of the American Academy of Neurology revealed that Indian people are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease 73%. The secret is in the seasoning. The Indians spice up almost any food with turmeric. This kitchen spice contains curcumin which is proven in studies to have anti-inflammatory properties that protect the brain from Alzheimer's. 

2. Rid of the plate as the population of Okinawa, Japan 

                 Okinawa Women 4 times more likely to live to be 100 years old. They are also healthier and rare disease osteoporosis, dementia, and heart disease. Menopause occurs about 10 years later than the average age of western women. The secret of their longevity is: do not overeat, which was recently proven in research, to prevent the effects of aging. The people of Okinawa do hara hachi bu practice, stop eating when 80% full. This action reduces caloric intake to about 700 calories a day. 
Walk every day 

In 1980, heart disease is the biggest threat to the people of Finland. Currently, the number of cases of heart disease dropped 63%. Experts attributed this decline to walk while swinging ski. Stick pressure on your back and joints are lower so it feels more comfortable walking. 

3. Reduce meat 

                 Residents in a village in southwestern china remarkable longevity. Often up to 110 years or more. Women aged 100 years often brisk walking in a field. Experts relate this to their diet which Consist of corn and vegetables, but they are not vegetarians. They only use meat as an extra. To obtain these properties, the contents of the plate with vegetables first, then add the meat as a garnish, suggestions Lisa Young, Ph.D., in his book The Portion Teller. 

Increase the spiritual to Allah and to foster a strong relationship between the members 
  In addition to the fields of physical, spiritual we also need to avoid the intake of any disease by improving the quality of our spiritual God, to worship Him, carrying out his orders and avoid the ban, which makes us contemplate the deeds we have done for the world that we live in will gain a peace of mind, positive thinking and optimistic and strive to become better human beings. Then applied also relationships with fellow human beings, because human beings can not stand alone definitely will need help from others. for example in Sardinia, one of the Italian island, people live long and happy. The island has the most population aged 100 years than anywhere else in the world. People 100 years here less often suffer from depression. The reason is, they have strong family ties. Support families protect their body from chronic stress which can lead to illness and depression. Therefore, we have to multiply the positive activities and away from vices that would make our hearts become dirty and triggered the disease, which will eventually harm ourselves. By keeping food intake and spiritual accompaniment with god and concern among humans, creates a balance of physical and spiritual which make human life becomes healthier and better

Source: 

magazine of Aura
Goose and Golden Egg 

Author: Aesop 

Once upon a time, there was a farmer who had a goose that is beautiful, where every day when the farmer went home to swans, the geese have spawned a glittering golden egg. 

The farmers take and bring the golden eggs to market and sell it so that in a short time the farmer starts to become rich. But it was not long before greed and impatience that farmers against the Geese arose because the goose just giving an egg every day. The Farmers felt he was not going to get rich quick that way. 

One day, after counting the money, an idea emerged at the head of the farmers, the idea that he would get all the golden eggs at once swan by cutting the goose. But when ideas are implemented, there is not an egg he could find, and very valuable goose already die cut. 

Moral message: Anyone who has had anything to abundant, but greedy and wanted more, will lose everything he owned.

Origin of Dice
            One group of people who enjoyed the game of dice is an ancient Roman nation. It was shown in the pictures on the wall of a tavern Pompeii which depicts the existence of some people who were playing dice. city ​​of Pompeii was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79. nation Romans called tesserae dice.
            Who does not know the dice. From toddlers to seniors, the game due to the use of cube-shaped instrument marked the six sides in the form of dots ranging from one to six dots, very fan. And if we are really keen to note, paired with the points 1 point 6, point 3 is paired with 4 points, and point 2 is paired with point 5. Dice are storing That mathematical laws of probability.
            Allegedly, dice cube with similar markings similar practical modern craps has been around since 600 BC, even 2000 BC. And it is based on evidence of some dice while excavation of the tomb found in China and Egypt. While in India, since more than 2000 years ago, had no written record of the dice in the first slick Sanskrit Mahabharata.
            According to Sophocles (495-406 BC), was discovered by a Greek dice during the attack on Troy. While Herodotus (484-425 BC) argued, Lydia nation - an ancient kingdom in Asia Minor west of the reign of King ATYS - as the originator of the idea of ​​making dice. But the making of the dice was rejected archaeologists, according to their findings, the dice have been used in much of the early civilizations. Included in that group are the Indians in North America, the Aztecs and Maya. In fact, people around the islands of the Pacific, Africa and the Eskimos, have a game with dice of various materials, shapes, and how strange tagging.
             No dice from plem and peach fruit seeds, seeds, bones of deer and oxen, deer antlers, walnut trowels, and beaver teeth and moles.
             In subsequent civilizations in Greece and Rome, although in general the dice made of bone and ivory, some are bermaterikan bronze, as well as a variety of rocks, from marble, agate, onix crystal, porcelain, etc.. The form was not just a cube but also pyramidal, penthahedral, and octahedral with a number of variations on a surface.
             While paada primitive society, at first, the dice used as a predictor of the future. Usually made of the ankle bones of sheep that are marked in the four fields.
             One group of people who enjoyed the game of dice was the ancient Romans. It was shown in the pictures on the wall of a tavern Pompeii which depicts the existence of some people who were playing dice. City of Pompeii was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79, the Romans called the dice tesserae.
             Some tesserae are also found in Herculaneum. In the play, numbers go out the dice unpredictable, but there are try to set it fraudulently. Dice "cheating" is never found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. East Asia as well as North and South cemetery. The dice are not perfect cubes made by slicing one or more fields so that the shape is more like a brick. As a result, the dice will often land on a wider surface, and on the reverse is serng figure out. This technique is often used. Another way is to provide additional load just below the surface of one of the fields. As a result, the field will often appear otherwise.
             In a way, shaped dice which continued until today, even spread to different parts of the earth. Dice today are usually made of plastic material. There are two kind, perfect and not perfect sempurna.Jenis most often used in casinos. the dice perfectly angled lines meeting two sharp sides, its size must be appropriate. Acceptable tolerance of the standard size is 0.0013 cm!
              While not perfect dice often played everyday, such as checkers or snakes. The dice have line meetings and obtuse angles. When the dice perfectly crafted by hand, the imperfect dice made with machines.


                                                                                         source; Veil.
             
Fox and the Monkey King Being Raised 

Author: Aesop 

At a large meeting held by the animal to choose a new king, a monkey was asked to dance. Because the monkey dance so beautifully, and make all the animals who see them happy, the monkey was appointed to be their king. 

But a fox that was present at the meeting, was not pleased at the decision of his friends because they think that the monkey does not deserve to be king. 

One day the fox found the trap with meat bait placed by hunters, and the fox immediately facing the monkey who has become king, to inform him that he had found a treasure that is priceless, only he does not dare to touch it because it's treasure is the property of the king. 

The greedy Monkey followed the Fox before heading into a trap. When viewing the meat in the trap, and immediately snatched the monkey without thinking until finally the monkey is trapped. The fox is stood beside the Monkey, laughed and said: 

"You pretend to be our king, but you can not take care of yourself!" 

After the incident, the animals in the forest holding a new election returned king. 

Moral messages: true leader, proven by his qualities.

Ants That Almost Drowned and Pigeons

Author: Aesop

Pigeon saw an ant that had fallen into the river. This tiny ant struggling and trying to save himself for reaching to the edge of the river, but all the efforts made, in vain. Because the pity, the Dove dropped a straw near the ant so that he can hold on to the straw like a sailor who holds a plank in the sea in order to float. In that way, the ants managed to arrive safely at the edge.

Not long after that, the ants see someone who would throw stones at birds Pigeons that had saved him. But before the person throwing the stone, so that the ants biting his heel pain suddenly, making throws the stone into a fumble and it is making the pigeon was shocked, then flying high and into the distant forest.

Moral Message: Good deeds never done in vain and always get a good response as well.

 http://www.rumahdongeng.com/cerita-anak.php?id=467

A Dog, Rooster and Fox 

Author: Aesop 

A dog and a rooster were best friends, hoping that one day they will be able to travel around the world and find new adventures. So they then decided to leave the farm and travel around the world melalului a road leading into the forest. The two friends were walking along with the spirit and not meet with adventures that they often talk about. 

At night, rooster, looking for a place to perch as was his custom, he saw a hollow tree and the tree he thought to be a very good place to stay. The dog can slip into the hole of the tree and the bird can fly on one of the tree branches. The two then went to sleep in the trees. 

While the dawn, the rooster woke up and for a moment he forgot where he was. He thinks he's still on the farm where his job was to wake the whole house in the morning. Now by standing on his toes, he flapped his wings and crowed with spirit. But instead of farmer who wakes up to hear him crow but he woke a sleeping fox is not far from the tree. The fox quickly looked at the chickens and thinks that he's getting a very tasty breakfast. He quickly approached the tree where the rooster perches, and said politely: 

"Welcome to our forests, the great lord. I can not speak to how pleased I am to meet you in this place. I feel confident that we will be good friends." 

"I feel honored, good sir." The rooster said shyly. "If you really want to, go to the door of my house under the tree, my servant will let you enter." 

The fox is hungry it does not suspect anything, walking toward the hole under the tree as errand, and in a trice the dog that had been sleeping in the tree hole ambush. 


Moral Message: Who is going to cheat, will receive its own consequences. 
http://www.rumahdongeng.com/cerita-anak.php?id=467


greeting magic
Once upon a time, one day at a time, a wise teacher traveling to remote areas. When passing through a village, a mother approached him and said, her son was sick. The mother begged the teacher to help heal his son.
Teachers are willing to help, then come to the village. The villagers immediately clustered because rarely see people like that.
When it comes to her mother's sick, and praying for the teacher. Suddenly a seore father in the crowd shouted. "You think the prayer really can help? Disease there is no cure!"
"You do not know anything about it! Ye stupid and dumb!" The teacher said. The man was very upset to hear the words. His face was hot and red. He wants to say something or even attacked.
During that time, the wise teacher came to him and said, "If one word has such enormous power to make you very hot and angry, is impossible if there is another word that has the power of healing?" With this answer, the sage healed two people on the day that.
moral of the story
Language or words have the power to change things. Words can hurt, mentally drop, damaging self-esteem, destroys self-confidence. Instead, words can heal, uplift gives hope. Be sure to use the greatness of words for good, to heal, to pray, to appreciate strengthen self-esteem, raise happiness.

source: aura magazine


Kamis, 03 Juli 2014

Sosiologi dan Politik 2-10

Rangkuman Sosiologi & Politik ( BAB 2-10)

Bab 2
·         Pengertian proses social : proses dimana adanya interaksi antar manusia dan kelompok masyarakat
·         Interaksi social adalah hubungan timbal balik antar individu, individu dengan kelompok, atau kelompok dengan kelompok dalam masyarakat.
·         Interaksi ini bersifat dinamis.
·         Bentuk-bentuk interaksi antara individual dengan individual, interaksi individu dengan kelompok, interaksi antar kelompok dengan kelompok.
Bab 3 dan 4
·         Manusia sebagai makhluk hidup yang berkelompok
·         Macam –macam kelompok social
·         Kelompok statistic: kelompok yang tidak memiliki hubungan social
·         Kelompok asosiasi: memiliki kesadaran dan kepentingan bersama
·         Kelompok kemasyarakatan: kelompok yang memiliki persamaan tetapi tidak mempunyai organisasi dan hubungan social diantara anggotanya.
·         Kelompok social : adalah kelompok yang tidak terikattetapi memiliki kesadaran berhubungan social
·         Kelomppok social yang tidak teratur (kerumunan/kelompok social sementara)
·         Masyarakat desa : sekelompok masyarakat yang tinggal disuatu daerah, masyarakatnya memiliki hubungan yang erat, menganut system kekeluargaan, gotong royong dan sebagian besar masyarakat bertumpu pada mata pencaharian bertani serta tingginya keagamaan
·         Masyarakat kota:  sekelompok masyarakat yang sebagian besar bekerja di sector industry, bersifat individual, masyarakat yang heterogen, kurangnya keagamaan, teknologi yang modern
Bab 5 dan 6
·         Lembaga kemasyarakatan : organisasi yang memiliki himpunan norma norma dari segala tingkatan yang berkisar pada suatu kebutuhan poloitik dalam kehidupan masyarakat
·         Tujuannya mengatur tindakan tindakan maupun kegiatan anggota masyarakat dalam kehidupan dan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok masyarakat
·         Proses pertambahan lembaga kemasyarakatan
1.       Secara tidak terencana : institusi itu lahier secara bertahap dalam kehidupan masyarakat
2.       Secara terencana : institusi muncul melalui suatu proses perencanaan yang matang dan diatur oleh seseorang / kelompok orang yang memiliki kekuasaan / wewenang
·         Social control : sarana & proses yang sesuai dengan dilakukan sebuah kelompok dalam menyatukan anggotanya yang memiliki nilai ideologi norma.
·         Ciri-ciri umum dan tipe lembaga kemasyarakatan:
-          Sistem organisasi pola-pola prilaku
-          Memiliki alat perlengkapan, bangunan
-          Memiliki lambang/simbol
-          Memiliki tradisi tertulis/tidak tertulis
-          Memiliki tujuan
-          Bersifat memaksa
·         Tipe-tipe lembaga kemasyarakatan
Berdasarkan sudut penyebarannya: general institution & restricted institution
Sudut perkembangannya: cresive institution
Nilai yang diterima: enacted institution & basic institution
Sudut penerimaan: approved institution & unsanctioned institution
Fungsi: operative institution & regulative institution
Bab 7
·         Pelapisan sosial : pembedaan /pengelompokan para anggota masyarakat
·         Lapisan masyarakat /stratifikasi masyarakat: ciri yang tetap dan umum dalam setiap masyarakat yang hidup teratur
·         Sistem stratifikasi masyarakat; perwujudan masyarakat kelas tinggi dengan kelas yang lebih rendah sehingga menunjukkan status sosial seseorang di dalam masyarakat (sistem kelas, kasta, dilihat dari kekayaan, daya guna fungsional dalam hal pekerjaan, keturunan, dan agama
·         Mobilitas sosial: pergerakan/perpindahan masyarakat di suatu daerah secara naik dan turunnya status seseorang/kelompok masyarakat (mobilitas vertikal:perpindahan yang terjadi pada lapisan masyarakat yang berbeda, mobilitas horizontal: perpindahan yang terjadi pada lapisan masyarakat yang sama)
·         Perubahan sosial : perubahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat
·         Bentuk-bentuk perubahan sosial:
Berdasarkan cepat lambatnya, perubahan sosial dibedakan menjadi dua bentuk umum yaitu perubahan yang berlangsung cepat dan perubahan yang berlangsung lambat. Kedua bentuk perubahan tersebut dalam sosiologi dikenal dengan revolusi dan evolusi.

Perubahan evolusi

Perubahan evolusi adalah perubahan-perubahan sosial yang terjadi dalam proses lambat, dalam waktu yang cukup lama dan tanpa ada kehendak tertentu dari masyarakat yang bersangkutan.[5] Perubahan-perubahan ini berlangsung mengikuti kondisi perkembangan masyarakat, yaitu sejalan dengan usaha-usaha masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehari-hariDengan kata lain, perubahan sosial terjadi karena dorongan dari usaha-usaha masyarakat guna menyesuaikan diri terhadap kebutuhan-kebutuhan hidupnya dengan perkembangan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu. Contoh, perubahan sosial dari masyarakat berburu menuju ke masyarakat meramu.
Menurut Soerjono Soekanto, terdapat tiga teori yang mengupas tentang evolusi, yaitu:
·         Unilinier Theories of Evolution: menyatakan bahwa manusia dan masyarakat mengalami perkembangan sesuai dengan tahap-tahap tertentu, dari yang sederhana menjadi kompleks dan sampai pada tahap yang sempurna.
·         Universal Theory of Evolution: menyatakan bahwa perkembangan masyarakat tidak perlu melalui tahap-tahap tertentu yang tetap. Menurut teori ini, kebudayaan manusia telah mengikuti suatu garis evolusi yang tertentu.
·         Multilined Theories of Evolution: menekankan pada penelitian terhadap tahap perkembangan tertentu dalam evolusi masyarakat. Misalnya, penelitian pada pengaruh perubahan sistem pencaharian dari sistem berburu ke pertanian.

·         Perubahan sosial pada abad 20
1.   Teori Modernisasi
Teori Modernisasi menganggap bahwa negara-negara terbelakang akan menempuh jalan sama dengan negara industri maju di Barat sehingga kemudian akan menjadi negara berkembang pula melalui proses modernisasi. Teori ini berpandangan bahwa masyarakat yang belum berkembang perlu mengatasi berbagai kekurangan dan masalahnya sehingga dapat mencapai tahap ”tinggal landas” ke arah perkembangan ekonomi. Menurut Etzioni-Halevy danEtzioni transisi dari keadaan tradisional ke modernitas melibatkan revolusi demografi yang ditandai menurunnya angka kematian dan angka kelahiran; menurunnya ukuran dan pengaruh keluarga; terbukanya sistim stratifikasi; peralihan dari stuktur feodal atau kesukuan ke suatu birokrasi; menurunnya pengaruh agama; beralihnya fungsi pendidikan dari keluarga dan komunikasi ke sistem pendidikan formal; munculnya kebudayaan massa; dan munculnya perekonomian pasar dan industrialisasi.
2.   Teori Ketergantungan
      Menurut teori ketergantungan yang didasarkan pada pengalaman-pengalaman negara Amerika Latin bahwa perkembangan dunia tidak merata; negara-negara industri menduduki posisi dominan sedangkan negara-negara Dunia Ketiga secara ekonomi tergantung padanya. Perkembangan negara-negara industri dan keterbelakangan negara-negara Dunia Ketiga, menurut teori ini, berjalan bersamaan: di kala negara-negara industri mengalami perkembangan, maka negara-negara Dunia Ketiga yang mengalami kolonialisme, khususnya di Amerika Lain, tidak mengalami ”tinggal landas” tetapi justru menjadi semakin terkebelakang.
3.   Teori Sistem Dunia
      Teori yang dirumuskan Immanuel Wallerstein mengatakan bahwa perekonomian kapitalis dunia tersusun atas tiga jenjang: negara-negara inti, negara-negara semi-periferi, dan negara-negara periferi. Negara-negara inti terdiri atas negara-negara Eropa Barat yang sejak abad 16 mengawali proses industrialisasi dan berkembang pesat, sedangkan negara-negara semi- periferi merupakan negara-negara di Eropa Selatan yang menjalin hubungan dagang dengan negara-negara inti dan secara ekonomis tidak berkembang. Negara-negara periferi merupakan kawasan Asia dan Afrika yang semula merupakan kawasan ekstern karena berada di luar jaringan perdagangan negara-negara inti tetapi kemudian melalui kolonisasi ditarik ke dalam sistem dunia. Kini negara-negara inti (yang kemudian mencakup pula Amerika Serikat dan Jepang) mendominasi sistem dunia sehingga mampu memanfaatkan sumberdaya negara lain untuk kepentingan mereka sendiri, sedangkan kesenjangan yang berkembang antara negara-negara inti dengan negara-negara lain sudah sedemikian lebarnya sehingga tidak mungkin tersusul lagi.
·          
Bab 8
·         Sistem politik: subsistem dari sistem sosial/seperangkat interaksi yang diabstraksikan dan totalitas perilaku sosial melalui nilai-nilai yang disebarkan untuk masyarakat
·         Objek orientasi politik : Obyek yang jadi orientasi politik adalah sistem politik secara keseluruhan, peran politik atau struktur tertentu,individu atau kelompok yang memikul peran tertentu, kebijakan publik yang khusus. Termasuk didalamnya adalah aktor politik dan ego dari aktor politik.
·         Obyek sasaran dari sosialisasi politik adalah keseluruhan masyarakat, lembaga infrastruktur politik (interest group, partai politik), dan lembaga suprastruktur politik (legislative, eksekutif dan yudikatif).
·         Sistem politik kekuasaan: politik hukum di indonesiaa dicantumkan dalam konstitusi, UU, kebijaksanaan yang lain, adat, GBHN, hukum islam
·         Di  dalam hukum indonesia harusnya menuju hukum yang mandiri dan jangan hanya menjadi tambahan saja bagi hukum Belanda di Hindia Belanda. Sejak tahun 1945 Indonesia sudah memiliki politik hukumnya sendiri yang sesuai
Struktur dan fungsi politik
Struktur politik adalah tata susunan kelembagaan dalam kehidupan politik suatu negara. Struktur politik terdiri dari suprastruktur dan intrastruktur.

Suprastruktur mencakup :
1. pemerintahan
2. lembaga tinggi negara
3. aparatur-aparatur

Suprastruktur politik di indonesia :
* tingkat pusat (presiden, perdana mentri, kabinet, MPR, DPR, BPK, MA)
* tingkat daerah (pemda DT I, DT II, badan legislatif dll)

Infrastruktur mencakup saluran organisasi untuk penyaluran aspirasi rakyat, seperti :
1. parpol (partai politik)
2. kelompok kepentingan
3. kelompok penekanan
4. pendapat umum bersama-sama media massa

Sistem politik mempunyai struktur seperti parlemen, birokasi, dan partai politik.

Dilihat dari fungsinya, politik mempunyai 3 fungsi. Yaitu sosialisasi, rekruitmen, dan komunikasi yang secara tidak langsung terlibat dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan pemerintahan tetapi sangat penting dalam menentukan cara bekerjanya sistem politik.


- Sosialisasi politik
adalah merupakan memperkuat sikap-sikap politik dikalangan rakyat atau proses-proses
pembentukan sikap dan pola tingkah laku politik.

Inatitusi dan sarana yang efektif dalam sosialisasi politik, antara lain :
1. keluarga (sangat kuat pengaruhnya)
2. sekolah
3. kelompok pergaulan
4. pekerjaan (merupakan saluran komunikasi informasi dan keyakinan politik)
5. media massa
6. konta-kontak politik langsung


- Rekruitmen politik
adalah merupakan penyeleksian rakyat untuk kegiatan politik. Parpol (partai politik)
merupakan wadah yang paling efektif.

Tugas partai politik, antara lain :
a. menjadi penghubung
b. menyebarluaskan gagasan dan ide-ide
c. mendidik warga negara
d. menumbuhkan kesadaran akan loyalitas nasional
e. mencari dan mengajak orang-orang yang berbakat dalam kegiatan politik
f. mengatur konflik dan mencari bentuk penyelesaian yang bisa di terima semua orang

Organisasi parpol dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu organisasi horizontal yang terdiri dari partai
langsung (yang anggotanya individu) dan tidak langsung (yang anggotanya dari organisasi),
sedangkan organisasi vertikal tersusun dari 4 elemen, seperti cakcus, branch, cell dan militra.


- Komunikasi politik
adalah jalan mengalirnya informasi melalui masyarakat dan melakukan berbagai struktur yang
ada di sistem politik.


Dalam "kegiatan politik" terdapat partisipasi politik seperti bentuk kegiatan politik konvensional (terdiri dari diskusi politik, kampanye dan sebagainya) dan non konvensional (pengajuan petisi, konfrontasi, mogok, tindakan kekerasan terhadap manusia dan sebagainya). Tidak hanya partisipasi, adapula budaya politik yaitu sikap nilai dan kecakapan politik yang dimiliki seseorang yang membantu orintasi-orintasi terhadap kehidupan politik dan pemerintahan negara.





Bab 9
·         Struktur politik adalah tata susunan kelembagaan dalam kehidupan politik suatu negara. (suprastruktur(pemerintahan,lembaga negara, aparatur-aparatur) & infrastruktur(parpol, kelompok penting, penekanan pendapat umum))
·         Fungsi politik: sosialisasi memperkuat sikap politik dikalangan rakyat, rekruitmen penyeleksian rakyat kegiatan politik
·         Komunikasi secara tidak langsung terlibat dalam kebijaksanaan pemerintah:jalan mengalirnya informasi melalui masyarakat & melakukan berbagai struktur yang ada di sistem politik
Bab 10
·         Hukum kekuasaan dan wewenang:
Hukum adalah sistem yang terpenting dalam pelaksanaan atas rangkaian kekuasaan kelembagaan. dari bentuk penyalahgunaan kekuasaan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat dalam berbagai cara dan bertindak, sebagai perantara utama dalam hubungan sosial antar masyarakat terhadap kriminalisasi dalam hukum pidana, hukum pidana yang berupayakan cara negara dapat menuntut pelaku dalam konstitusi hukum menyediakan kerangka kerja bagi penciptaan hukum, perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan memperluas kekuasaan politik serta cara perwakilan di mana mereka yang akan dipilih. 
Sumber pustaka
·         www.bukasosiologi.blogspot.com
·         www.belajarsosiologi.com
·         www.meidytian.wordpress.com
·         www.academiaedu.com
·         www.velathin.blogspot.com
·         www.wikipedia.com
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